1) What is the internet
The internet is a global network of computers each computer connected to the internet must have a unique address. The internet addresses are in form nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn where nnn must be a number from 0-255. This address is known as IP address.
2)What is Internet protocal?
Internet protocol is the language that computers use to communicate over the internet. A protocol is pre-drfined way that someone who wants to use a service talk with that service.
3)What is OSI model?
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a product of the Open Systems Interconnection effort at the International Organization for Standardization. It is a way of sub-dividing a communications system into smaller parts called layers. A layer is a collection of conceptually similar functions that provide services to the layer above it and receives services from the layer below it. On each layer an instance provides services to the instances at the layer above and requests service from the layer below.
For example, a layer that provides error-free communications across a network provides the path needed by applications above it, while it calls the next lower layer to send and receive packets that make up the contents of the path. Conceptually two instances at one layer are connected by a horizontal protocol connection on that layer.
Source
4)What is internet Infrastructure
The internet backbone made up of many large networks which interconnect with each other.
5)What is domain name?
Domain name is DNS or domain name service which is a distributed database which keeps track of computer names and thier corresponding up addresses on the internet.
6)what is world wide web and its service.
computer network consisting of a collection of internet sites that offer text and graphics and sound and animation resources through the hypertext transfer protocol
7)How many internet users in Thailand?
18,300,000 In year 2009
Source
Monday, October 4, 2010
Report: Plastic Surgery
Plastic Surgery in Today’s world
Prof. Dr. Namthip
By Wichaipon V.&Thanakrit Y.
2
In this report you will find information about
Why people get plastic surgery and also basics information about how plastic surgery is performed and the side effect of doing plastic surgery. We’ve gather information from many sources, but mostly from the internet, online journal, magazine and website to put together this report. The most popular plastic surgery in today’s world is cosmetic plastic surgery for women that are willing to spend a large amount of money to improve their appearance.
Table of Content
Executive Summary- page 2
Introduction- page 4
Discussion- page 5
Conclusions- page 6
Recommendation- page 7
References- page 8
4
Cosmetic surgery is very common these day, it is no longer only accessible to rich and famous. Any person in the world have afford to have the procedure they want done, most people think cosmetic surgery is unsafe but it is only safe unless your surgeon is not qualified. The most popular reason people do plastic surgery is because they want to improve their appearance to the eyes of others. Because now a day there are many professional plastic surgeons that performed safe cosmetic surgery for their patients so it is becoming a part of the today’s new world.
5
Here are the 5 top reasons why most people get cosmetic surgery.
1) Health Reasons- Some people may have gone through rough times caused by sickness or massive weight loss, to it’s only natural for people to correct the damage caused by their illness. People may want to fix a problem that maybe causing health issues and surgery is the only option available, some people may need it to survive
2) Accidents- another reason people get cosmetic surgery is because they have been in a accident. Minor car crashes, sports, work accident anything you can think of. Because of accidents people can become severely deformed and cosmetic/plastic surgery is the only option to help fix peoples injuries.
3) Self Esteem- some people choose to get cosmetic surgery to boost their self esteem. They need a boost and they think cosmetic surgery will give them that. In my opinion it does, people extremely grateful to see the new changes to there bodies that they have always wanted.
4) Re constructive surgery- Reconstructive procedures correct deformities on the face or body. These include physical birth defects like cleft lips and palates and ear deformities, traumatic injuries like those from dog bites and burns, or the aftermath of disease treatments like rebuilding a females breast after they have undergone surgery for breast cancer.
5) Vanity some people say vanity is the reason why people get cosmetic surgery, in come cases it is the case. Botox, face lifts, breast augmentation can all be considered vanity procedures.
6
In conclusion from our point of view whether plastic surgery or not everyone should have self confident and self esteem in what god gave them and also people should not look at each other from only appearances, but should focus on more of what is inside that person ,but if they really insist that they want to perform a plastic surgery operations they should really look into it and find out about the side effects and know what they are getting their self into so they do not regret it after everything is already done and can not be solve again.
7
Recommendations
1)Http://kidshealth.org/teenteen/your_mind/body_image/plastic_surgery.html
2)Http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_do_people_have_plastic_surgery
3)Http://www.ehow.com/facts_4842908_side-effects-plastic-surgery.html
4)www.ehow.com/about_4827336_complications-side-effects-cosmetic-surgery.html
5)www.miamibeach411.com/cosmetic/pro_rhinoplasty.html
8
References
1)Books- How to win in youth game: The magic of plastic surgery by Kurt Wagner.
Call#: Rd 119 w33h 1972
3)Newspaper article: Ban Mueng Newspaper: www.siliconeclub.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=511:2010-02-12-00-08-25&catid=57
4) Magazine- www.daradaily.com
วันจันทร์ที่ 20 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2553
online catalog and databases
1. can you identify the library website,opac,library database?
ans In spu library website. They provide many menu to support all member can select to use for doing your work. such as for researchers or for all students, and SPU library website they have menu about researchers,database online,knowledge & library and also you can find book by key word in OPAC
when you working on opac you can search a book , new book, book by subject, journal/article or av search by you just put the key word, title, author,subject or series of book. and in library database in spu website they provide many information that you need to find with that information they provide for example spu e-book,thesis/dissertation by using proquest or about information for business,science and academic.
2. list 5 PDF files of articles search from google.
ans 2.1 http://www.agilent.com/cm/wireless/pdf/3G-Seminar2001_02.pdf
Third generation basics
2.2 http://www.fbi.gov/publications/school/school2.pdf
The school shooter
2.3 http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/autos/aut03.pdf
Buying a use car
2.4 http://www.middleschoolscience.com/flower.pdf
Flower Dissection
2.5 http://www.servesecurityreport.org/paper.pdf
Servesecurity ( SERVE )
3. what is an abstract
ans An abstract is a self-contained, short, and powerful statement that describes a larger work. Components vary according to discipline; an abstract of a social science or scientific work may contain the scope, purpose, results, and contents of the work. An abstract of a humanities work may contain the thesis, background, and conclusion of the larger work. An abstract is not a review, nor does it evaluate the work being abstracted. While it contains key words found in the larger work, the abstract is an original document rather than an excerpted passage.
ans In spu library website. They provide many menu to support all member can select to use for doing your work. such as for researchers or for all students, and SPU library website they have menu about researchers,database online,knowledge & library and also you can find book by key word in OPAC
when you working on opac you can search a book , new book, book by subject, journal/article or av search by you just put the key word, title, author,subject or series of book. and in library database in spu website they provide many information that you need to find with that information they provide for example spu e-book,thesis/dissertation by using proquest or about information for business,science and academic.
2. list 5 PDF files of articles search from google.
ans 2.1 http://www.agilent.com/cm/wireless/pdf/3G-Seminar2001_02.pdf
Third generation basics
2.2 http://www.fbi.gov/publications/school/school2.pdf
The school shooter
2.3 http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/autos/aut03.pdf
Buying a use car
2.4 http://www.middleschoolscience.com/flower.pdf
Flower Dissection
2.5 http://www.servesecurityreport.org/paper.pdf
Servesecurity ( SERVE )
3. what is an abstract
ans An abstract is a self-contained, short, and powerful statement that describes a larger work. Components vary according to discipline; an abstract of a social science or scientific work may contain the scope, purpose, results, and contents of the work. An abstract of a humanities work may contain the thesis, background, and conclusion of the larger work. An abstract is not a review, nor does it evaluate the work being abstracted. While it contains key words found in the larger work, the abstract is an original document rather than an excerpted passage.
4. what is a full-text article
ans In computerized databases, the complete article rather than just a citation or abstract. In LIAS databases, move from the record screen to the full text of an article by entering the command DIT. A full-text article in LIAS can be printed, sent to your email address, or saved to disk.
5. what is your search technique (s) when you're doing your home work or assignment
ans my technique when i need to search information i need to know topic first. then you can find information by google or spu library but you make sure you get right information . and when you find information you can put select by using key word or the title of your topic.
วันจันทร์ที่ 13 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2553
1)The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, Ada E. YonathThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009Summary
Prize Announcement
Press Release
Scientific Background
Popular Information
Illustrated Information
Speed Read
Nobel Prize Award CeremonyAward Ceremony VideoAward Ceremony SpeechBanquet Video
Venkatraman RamakrishnanBiographicalNobel LectureInterviewDocumentaryNobel DiplomaPhoto GalleryPrize PresentationOther Resources
Thomas A. SteitzBiographicalNobel LectureInterviewDocumentaryNobel DiplomaPhoto GalleryPrize PresentationOther Resources
Ada E. YonathBiographicalNobel LectureBanquet SpeechInterviewDocumentaryNobel DiplomaPhoto GalleryPrize PresentationOther Resources
English
Swedish
Hebrew
(pdf)
Press Release
7 October 2009
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2009 jointly to
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Thomas A. Steitz
Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Ada E. Yonath
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"
The ribosome translates the DNA code into life
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2009 awards studies of one of life's core processes: the ribosome's translation of DNA information into life. Ribosomes produce proteins, which in turn control the chemistry in all living organisms. As ribosomes are crucial to life, they are also a major target for new antibiotics.
This year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry awards Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath for having showed what the ribosome looks like and how it functions at the atomic level. All three have used a method called X-ray crystallography to map the position for each and every one of the hundreds of thousands of atoms that make up the ribosome.
Inside every cell in all organisms, there are DNA molecules. They contain the blueprints for how a human being, a plant or a bacterium, looks and functions. But the DNA molecule is passive. If there was nothing else, there would be no life.
The blueprints become transformed into living matter through the work of ribosomes. Based upon the information in DNA, ribosomes make proteins: oxygen-transporting haemoglobin, antibodies of the immune system, hormones such as insulin, the collagen of the skin, or enzymes that break down sugar. There are tens of thousands of proteins in the body and they all have different forms and functions. They build and control life at the chemical level.
An understanding of the ribosome's innermost workings is important for a scientific understanding of life. This knowledge can be put to a practical and immediate use; many of today's antibiotics cure various diseases by blocking the function of bacterial ribosomes. Without functional ribosomes, bacteria cannot survive. This is why ribosomes are such an important target for new antibiotics.
This year's three Laureates have all generated 3D models that show how different antibiotics bind to the ribosome. These models are now used by scientists in order to develop new antibiotics, directly assisting the saving of lives and decreasing humanity's suffering.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, US citizen. Born in 1952 in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. Ph.D. in Physics in 1976 from Ohio University, USA. Senior Scientist and Group Leader at Structural Studies Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/ribo/homepage/ramak/index.html
Thomas A. Steitz, US citizen. Born in 1940 in Milwaukee, WI, USA. Ph.D. in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry in 1966 from Harvard University, MA, USA. Sterling Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, both at Yale University, CT, USA.
www.mbb.yale.edu/faculty/pages/steitzt.html
Ada E. Yonath, Israeli citizen. Born in 1939 in Jerusalem, Israel. Ph.D. in X-ray Crystallography in 1968 from the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. Martin S. and Helen Kimmel Professor of Structural Biology and Director of Helen & Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure & Assembly, both at Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
www.weizmann.ac.il/sb/faculty_pages/Yonath/home.html
The Prize amount: SEK 10 million to be shared equally between the Laureates
Contacts: Erik Huss, Press Officer, phone +46 8 673 95 44, +46 70 673 96 50, erik.huss@kva.se
Fredrik All, Editor, Phone +46 8 673 95 63, +46 70 673 95 63, fredrik.all@kva.se
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, founded in 1739, is an independent organization whose overall objective is to promote the sciences and strengthen their influence in society. The Academy takes special responsibility for the natural sciences and mathematics, but endeavours to promote the exchange of ideas between various disciplines.
TO CITE THIS PAGE:
MLA style: "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 - Press Release". Nobelprize.org. 13 Sep 2010 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2009/press.htmlRELATED DOCUMENTS:
ARTICLE
CHEMISTRYThe Nobel Prize in ChemistryRead more about the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the development of modern chemistry.
RECOMMENDED:
VIDEO PLAYERLITERATURENobel Lecture by Harold PinterHarold Pinter's Nobel Lecture was pre-recorded, and shown on video on 7 December
2)
The History of the Automobile
Early Steam Powered Cars
Old Engraving depicting the 1771 crash of Nicolas Joseph Cugnot's steam-powered car into a stone wall.
More of This Feature
• Part I:Steam Cars
• Part 2: Electric Cars
• Part 3:The First Gas-Powered Cars
• Part 4:The Assembly Line
Related Resources
• More Car History
• Car Model History
• Car Parts History
• History of Steam Engines
• Railroads
• Car Invention Trivia
By Mary Bellis
The automobile as we know it was not invented in a single day by a single inventor. The history of the automobile reflects an evolution that took place worldwide. It is estimated that over 100,000 patents created the modern automobile. However, we can point to the many firsts that occurred along the way. Starting with the first theoretical plans for a motor vehicle that had been drawn up by both Leonardo da Vinci and Isaac Newton.
In 1769, the very first self-propelled road vehicle was a military tractor invented by French engineer and mechanic, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot (1725 - 1804). Cugnot used a steam engine to power his vehicle, built under his instructions at the Paris Arsenal by mechanic Brezin. It was used by the French Army to haul artillery at a whopping speed of 2 1/2 mph on only three wheels. The vehicle had to stop every ten to fifteen minutes to build up steam power. The steam engine and boiler were separate from the rest of the vehicle and placed in the front (see engraving above). The following year (1770), Cugnot built a steam-powered tricycle that carried four passengers.
Sponsored Links
Steam boiler
Huazhu Co.,Ltd,Reliable product, Government authorized.
en.hnhzsb.com
Rambus: 1990 - 2010
Video: A Company of Inventors Award-winning technology
www.rambus.com
Electric Vehicle
Electric cars are made of AC Inver- ter motor system, Intelligent DSP
www.greenwheelev.com
In 1771, Cugnot drove one of his road vehicles into a stone wall, making Cugnot the first person to get into a motor vehicle accident. This was the beginning of bad luck for the inventor. After one of Cugnot's patrons died and the other was exiled, the money for Cugnot's road vehicle experiments ended.
Steam engines powered cars by burning fuel that heated water in a boiler, creating steam that expanded and pushed pistons that turned the crankshaft, which then turned the wheels. During the early history of self-propelled vehicles - both road and railroad vehicles were being developed with steam engines. (Cugnot also designed two steam locomotives with engines that never worked well.) Steam engines added so much weight to a vehicle that they proved a poor design for road vehicles; however, steam engines were very successfully used in locomotives. Historians, who accept that early steam-powered road vehicles were automobiles, feel that Nicolas Cugnot was the inventor of the first automobile.
After Cugnot Several Other Inventors Designed Steam-Powered Road Vehicles
•Cugnot's vehicle was improved by Frenchman, Onesiphore Pecqueur, who also invented the first differential gear.
•In 1789, the first U.S. patent for a steam-powered land vehicle was granted to Oliver Evans.
•In 1801, Richard Trevithick built a road carriage powered by steam - the first in Great Britain.
•In Britain, from 1820 to 1840, steam-powered stagecoaches were in regular service. These were later banned from public roads and Britain's railroad system developed as a result.
•Steam-driven road tractors (built by Charles Deitz) pulled passenger carriages around Paris and Bordeaux up to 1850.
•In the United States, numerous steam coaches were built from 1860 to 1880. Inventors included: Harrison Dyer, Joseph Dixon, Rufus Porter, and William T. James.
•Amedee Bollee Sr. built advanced steam cars from 1873 to 1883. The "La Mancelle" built in 1878, had a front-mounted engine, shaft drive to the differential, chain drive to the rear wheels, steering wheel on a vertical shaft and driver's seat behind the engine. The boiler was carried behind the passenger compartment.
•In 1871, Dr. J. W. Carhart, professor of physics at Wisconsin State University, and the J. I. Case Company built a working steam car that won a 200-mile race.
Early Electric Cars
Steam engines were not the only engines used in early automobiles. Vehicles with electrical engines were also invented. Between 1832 and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain), Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first electric carriage. Electric cars used rechargeable batteries that powered a small electric motor. The vehicles were heavy, slow, expensive, and needed to stop for recharging frequently. Both steam and electric road vehicles were abandoned in favor of gas-powered vehicles. Electricity found greater success in tramways and streetcars, where a constant supply of electricity was possible.
The History of Electric Vehicles
Learn more about the history of electrical vehicles from 1890 to the present.
However, around 1900, electric land vehicles in America outsold all other types of cars. Then in the several years following 1900, sales of electric vehicles took a nosedive as a new type of vehicle came to dominate the consumer market.
Next page > The First Gas Powered Cars
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3)A book is a a written or printed work of fiction or nonfiction, usually on sheets of paper fastened or bound together within covers.A reference collection is a collection of objects maintained for the purpose of study and authentication. Reference collections are generally large undertakings maintained by institutions; instead of having a single representative of each object, they will typically have multiples, so as to illustrate variations and, sometimes, provide samples for comparisons. For human-created objects such as postage stamps or coins, a good reference collection will also include an assortment of (carefully labelled) fakes and forgeries.
Since the purpose is study rather than personal gratification or display, a reference collection values damaged objects as much as the pristine; in fact, organizations maintaining reference collections will encourage members to donate their damaged or poor-condition items to the collection.
In biology, reference collections, such as herbaria are an important sort of information about variations of populations within a species. They are also the repository of holotypes used as the official definition of species.
In philately, reference collections are critical to expertization, since the characteristics differentiating authentic stamps from reprints, fakes, and forgeries are often too subtle to be described verbally.
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4)This is the "Directories" page of the "Colleges, Universities, Financial Aid, & Grants" guide.
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In the Reference Collection
This set includes volumes pertaining to graduate programs in the humanities, arts, & social sciences; business, education, health, information studies, law & social work; engineering & applied sciences; physical sciences & agricultural sciences; and biological sciences.
Peterson's Graduate and Professional Programs
Call Number: ULIB Ready Reference L 901 P46
How to Write a Winning Personal Statement for Graduate and Professional School
Call Number: ULIB REF LB 2351.52 U6 S74
ISBN/ISSN: 1560798556
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Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, Ada E. YonathThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009Summary
Prize Announcement
Press Release
Scientific Background
Popular Information
Illustrated Information
Speed Read
Nobel Prize Award CeremonyAward Ceremony VideoAward Ceremony SpeechBanquet Video
Venkatraman RamakrishnanBiographicalNobel LectureInterviewDocumentaryNobel DiplomaPhoto GalleryPrize PresentationOther Resources
Thomas A. SteitzBiographicalNobel LectureInterviewDocumentaryNobel DiplomaPhoto GalleryPrize PresentationOther Resources
Ada E. YonathBiographicalNobel LectureBanquet SpeechInterviewDocumentaryNobel DiplomaPhoto GalleryPrize PresentationOther Resources
English
Swedish
Hebrew
(pdf)
Press Release
7 October 2009
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2009 jointly to
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Thomas A. Steitz
Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Ada E. Yonath
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"
The ribosome translates the DNA code into life
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2009 awards studies of one of life's core processes: the ribosome's translation of DNA information into life. Ribosomes produce proteins, which in turn control the chemistry in all living organisms. As ribosomes are crucial to life, they are also a major target for new antibiotics.
This year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry awards Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath for having showed what the ribosome looks like and how it functions at the atomic level. All three have used a method called X-ray crystallography to map the position for each and every one of the hundreds of thousands of atoms that make up the ribosome.
Inside every cell in all organisms, there are DNA molecules. They contain the blueprints for how a human being, a plant or a bacterium, looks and functions. But the DNA molecule is passive. If there was nothing else, there would be no life.
The blueprints become transformed into living matter through the work of ribosomes. Based upon the information in DNA, ribosomes make proteins: oxygen-transporting haemoglobin, antibodies of the immune system, hormones such as insulin, the collagen of the skin, or enzymes that break down sugar. There are tens of thousands of proteins in the body and they all have different forms and functions. They build and control life at the chemical level.
An understanding of the ribosome's innermost workings is important for a scientific understanding of life. This knowledge can be put to a practical and immediate use; many of today's antibiotics cure various diseases by blocking the function of bacterial ribosomes. Without functional ribosomes, bacteria cannot survive. This is why ribosomes are such an important target for new antibiotics.
This year's three Laureates have all generated 3D models that show how different antibiotics bind to the ribosome. These models are now used by scientists in order to develop new antibiotics, directly assisting the saving of lives and decreasing humanity's suffering.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, US citizen. Born in 1952 in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. Ph.D. in Physics in 1976 from Ohio University, USA. Senior Scientist and Group Leader at Structural Studies Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/ribo/homepage/ramak/index.html
Thomas A. Steitz, US citizen. Born in 1940 in Milwaukee, WI, USA. Ph.D. in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry in 1966 from Harvard University, MA, USA. Sterling Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, both at Yale University, CT, USA.
www.mbb.yale.edu/faculty/pages/steitzt.html
Ada E. Yonath, Israeli citizen. Born in 1939 in Jerusalem, Israel. Ph.D. in X-ray Crystallography in 1968 from the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. Martin S. and Helen Kimmel Professor of Structural Biology and Director of Helen & Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure & Assembly, both at Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
www.weizmann.ac.il/sb/faculty_pages/Yonath/home.html
The Prize amount: SEK 10 million to be shared equally between the Laureates
Contacts: Erik Huss, Press Officer, phone +46 8 673 95 44, +46 70 673 96 50, erik.huss@kva.se
Fredrik All, Editor, Phone +46 8 673 95 63, +46 70 673 95 63, fredrik.all@kva.se
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, founded in 1739, is an independent organization whose overall objective is to promote the sciences and strengthen their influence in society. The Academy takes special responsibility for the natural sciences and mathematics, but endeavours to promote the exchange of ideas between various disciplines.
TO CITE THIS PAGE:
MLA style: "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 - Press Release". Nobelprize.org. 13 Sep 2010 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2009/press.htmlRELATED DOCUMENTS:
ARTICLE
CHEMISTRYThe Nobel Prize in ChemistryRead more about the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the development of modern chemistry.
RECOMMENDED:
VIDEO PLAYERLITERATURENobel Lecture by Harold PinterHarold Pinter's Nobel Lecture was pre-recorded, and shown on video on 7 December
2)
The History of the Automobile
Early Steam Powered Cars
Old Engraving depicting the 1771 crash of Nicolas Joseph Cugnot's steam-powered car into a stone wall.
More of This Feature
• Part I:Steam Cars
• Part 2: Electric Cars
• Part 3:The First Gas-Powered Cars
• Part 4:The Assembly Line
Related Resources
• More Car History
• Car Model History
• Car Parts History
• History of Steam Engines
• Railroads
• Car Invention Trivia
By Mary Bellis
The automobile as we know it was not invented in a single day by a single inventor. The history of the automobile reflects an evolution that took place worldwide. It is estimated that over 100,000 patents created the modern automobile. However, we can point to the many firsts that occurred along the way. Starting with the first theoretical plans for a motor vehicle that had been drawn up by both Leonardo da Vinci and Isaac Newton.
In 1769, the very first self-propelled road vehicle was a military tractor invented by French engineer and mechanic, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot (1725 - 1804). Cugnot used a steam engine to power his vehicle, built under his instructions at the Paris Arsenal by mechanic Brezin. It was used by the French Army to haul artillery at a whopping speed of 2 1/2 mph on only three wheels. The vehicle had to stop every ten to fifteen minutes to build up steam power. The steam engine and boiler were separate from the rest of the vehicle and placed in the front (see engraving above). The following year (1770), Cugnot built a steam-powered tricycle that carried four passengers.
Sponsored Links
Steam boiler
Huazhu Co.,Ltd,Reliable product, Government authorized.
en.hnhzsb.com
Rambus: 1990 - 2010
Video: A Company of Inventors Award-winning technology
www.rambus.com
Electric Vehicle
Electric cars are made of AC Inver- ter motor system, Intelligent DSP
www.greenwheelev.com
In 1771, Cugnot drove one of his road vehicles into a stone wall, making Cugnot the first person to get into a motor vehicle accident. This was the beginning of bad luck for the inventor. After one of Cugnot's patrons died and the other was exiled, the money for Cugnot's road vehicle experiments ended.
Steam engines powered cars by burning fuel that heated water in a boiler, creating steam that expanded and pushed pistons that turned the crankshaft, which then turned the wheels. During the early history of self-propelled vehicles - both road and railroad vehicles were being developed with steam engines. (Cugnot also designed two steam locomotives with engines that never worked well.) Steam engines added so much weight to a vehicle that they proved a poor design for road vehicles; however, steam engines were very successfully used in locomotives. Historians, who accept that early steam-powered road vehicles were automobiles, feel that Nicolas Cugnot was the inventor of the first automobile.
After Cugnot Several Other Inventors Designed Steam-Powered Road Vehicles
•Cugnot's vehicle was improved by Frenchman, Onesiphore Pecqueur, who also invented the first differential gear.
•In 1789, the first U.S. patent for a steam-powered land vehicle was granted to Oliver Evans.
•In 1801, Richard Trevithick built a road carriage powered by steam - the first in Great Britain.
•In Britain, from 1820 to 1840, steam-powered stagecoaches were in regular service. These were later banned from public roads and Britain's railroad system developed as a result.
•Steam-driven road tractors (built by Charles Deitz) pulled passenger carriages around Paris and Bordeaux up to 1850.
•In the United States, numerous steam coaches were built from 1860 to 1880. Inventors included: Harrison Dyer, Joseph Dixon, Rufus Porter, and William T. James.
•Amedee Bollee Sr. built advanced steam cars from 1873 to 1883. The "La Mancelle" built in 1878, had a front-mounted engine, shaft drive to the differential, chain drive to the rear wheels, steering wheel on a vertical shaft and driver's seat behind the engine. The boiler was carried behind the passenger compartment.
•In 1871, Dr. J. W. Carhart, professor of physics at Wisconsin State University, and the J. I. Case Company built a working steam car that won a 200-mile race.
Early Electric Cars
Steam engines were not the only engines used in early automobiles. Vehicles with electrical engines were also invented. Between 1832 and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain), Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first electric carriage. Electric cars used rechargeable batteries that powered a small electric motor. The vehicles were heavy, slow, expensive, and needed to stop for recharging frequently. Both steam and electric road vehicles were abandoned in favor of gas-powered vehicles. Electricity found greater success in tramways and streetcars, where a constant supply of electricity was possible.
The History of Electric Vehicles
Learn more about the history of electrical vehicles from 1890 to the present.
However, around 1900, electric land vehicles in America outsold all other types of cars. Then in the several years following 1900, sales of electric vehicles took a nosedive as a new type of vehicle came to dominate the consumer market.
Next page > The First Gas Powered Cars
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3)A book is a a written or printed work of fiction or nonfiction, usually on sheets of paper fastened or bound together within covers.A reference collection is a collection of objects maintained for the purpose of study and authentication. Reference collections are generally large undertakings maintained by institutions; instead of having a single representative of each object, they will typically have multiples, so as to illustrate variations and, sometimes, provide samples for comparisons. For human-created objects such as postage stamps or coins, a good reference collection will also include an assortment of (carefully labelled) fakes and forgeries.
Since the purpose is study rather than personal gratification or display, a reference collection values damaged objects as much as the pristine; in fact, organizations maintaining reference collections will encourage members to donate their damaged or poor-condition items to the collection.
In biology, reference collections, such as herbaria are an important sort of information about variations of populations within a species. They are also the repository of holotypes used as the official definition of species.
In philately, reference collections are critical to expertization, since the characteristics differentiating authentic stamps from reprints, fakes, and forgeries are often too subtle to be described verbally.
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4)This is the "Directories" page of the "Colleges, Universities, Financial Aid, & Grants" guide.
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In the Reference Collection
This set includes volumes pertaining to graduate programs in the humanities, arts, & social sciences; business, education, health, information studies, law & social work; engineering & applied sciences; physical sciences & agricultural sciences; and biological sciences.
Peterson's Graduate and Professional Programs
Call Number: ULIB Ready Reference L 901 P46
How to Write a Winning Personal Statement for Graduate and Professional School
Call Number: ULIB REF LB 2351.52 U6 S74
ISBN/ISSN: 1560798556
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วันจันทร์ที่ 6 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2553
sources of knowledge
Exercise 3
1. Why the library is important for the learning process?
- Because library it's have many book for us to get the information.
-to improve the knowledge and skill to helo when you study.
2. My eperience in using a library
- I have experiences using library. I have been there to find the book to do my report. The first time I have to ask the librarian to help me find the book. They told me to sign in the computer and type the title, name of the book in e-library after that I get information from computer e-library about where I can find the book. They show the location, what this books living in ibrary .
3. Search 5 book,5 journal,5 online databases
- 5) Books
1. mobile internet by sarawut call# Tk5105.55ส355ป 2544
2. Internet explorer chat and Icq by panjan call# Tk5105.875.157พ5530
3. Internet explorer 5 by kronrapat call# Tk5105.875ก169ท2542
4. Front page 2000 by sadja call# Tk5105.8885ป342ค2544
5. Internet cafe by danupol call# Tk 5105.875ด 124ค 2543
1. Why the library is important for the learning process?
- Because library it's have many book for us to get the information.
-to improve the knowledge and skill to helo when you study.
2. My eperience in using a library
- I have experiences using library. I have been there to find the book to do my report. The first time I have to ask the librarian to help me find the book. They told me to sign in the computer and type the title, name of the book in e-library after that I get information from computer e-library about where I can find the book. They show the location, what this books living in ibrary .
3. Search 5 book,5 journal,5 online databases
- 5) Books
1. mobile internet by sarawut call# Tk5105.55ส355ป 2544
2. Internet explorer chat and Icq by panjan call# Tk5105.875.157พ5530
3. Internet explorer 5 by kronrapat call# Tk5105.875ก169ท2542
4. Front page 2000 by sadja call# Tk5105.8885ป342ค2544
5. Internet cafe by danupol call# Tk 5105.875ด 124ค 2543
วันจันทร์ที่ 30 สิงหาคม พ.ศ. 2553
Information skills
In order for today's students to function in the 21st century, they must be able to acquire, evaluate, and use information effectively. Today's students must become information literate workers, teachers, facilitators and coaches. Information Literacy Skills emphasize the problem solving, critical and creative thinking, decision making, and cooperative learning that prepare students for the challenges in society. The new curriculum is more than lessons to be taught at a fixed time. It offers the wider window of opportunity to connect learning with meaningful experiences. In collaboration with all classroom teachers, the library media specialist focuses on student involvement, activity and action. Through the integration of process and content, today's learners will be better educated to live in a democratic socie
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source
value of information
Value of information (VOI or VoI) is the amount a decision maker would be willing to pay for information prior to making a decision.
Contents [hide]
1 Similar terms
2 Definitions
2.1 Simple
2.2 Formal
2.2.1 Standard
2.2.2 Generalized
3 Characteristics
4 Computation
5 Notes
6 Bibliography
7 See also
[edit] Similar terms
VoI is sometimes distinguished into value of perfect information, also called value of clairvoyance (VoC), and value of imperfect information. They are closely related to the widely known expected value of perfect information and expected value of sample information. Note that VoI is not necessarily equal to "value of decision situation with perfect information" - "value of current decision situation" as commonly understood.
[edit] Definitions
[edit] Simple
A simple example best illustrates the concept. Consider a decision situation with one decision, for example deciding on a 'Vacation Activity'; and one uncertainty, for example what will the 'Weather Condition' be? But we will only know the 'Weather Condition' after we have decided and begun the 'Vacation Activity'.
The Value of perfect information on Weather Condition captures the value of being able to know Weather Condition even before making the Vacation Activity decision. It is quantified as the highest price the decision-maker is willing to pay for being able to know Weather Condition before making the Vacation Activity decision.
The Value of imperfect information on Weather Condition, however, captures the value of being able to know the outcome of another related uncertainty, e.g., Weather Forecast, instead of Weather Condition itself before making Vacation Activity decision. It is quantified as the highest price the decision-maker is willing to pay for being able to know Weather Forecast before making Vacation Activity decision. Note that it is essentially the value of perfect information on Weather Forecast.
[edit] Formal
The above definition illustrates that the value of imperfect information of any uncertainty can always be framed as the value of perfect information, i.e., VoC, of another uncertainty, hence only the term VoC will be used onwards.
[edit] Standard
Consider a general decision situation having n decisions (d1, d2, d3, ..., dn) and m uncertainties (u1, u2, u3, ..., um). Rationality assumption in standard individual decision-making philosophy states that what is made or known are not forgotten, i.e., decision-maker has perfect recall. This assumption translates into the existence of a linear ordering of these decisions and uncertainties such that;
di is made prior to making dj if and only if di comes before dj in the ordering
di is made prior to knowing uj if and only if di comes before uj in the ordering
di is made after knowing uj if and only if di comes after uj in the ordering
Consider the case where the decision-maker is enabled to know the outcome of some additional uncertainties earlier in his/her decision situation, i.e., some ui are moved to appear earlier in the ordering. In such case, VoC is quantified as the highest price which the decision-maker is willing to pay for all those moves.
[edit] Generalized
The standard definition is further generalized in team decision analysis framework where there is typically incomplete sharing of information among team members under the same decision situation. In such case, what is made or known might not be known in later decisions belonging to different team members, i.e., there might not exist linear ordering of decisions and uncertainties satisfying perfect recall assumption. VoC thus captures the value of being able to know "not only additional uncertainties but also additional decisions already made by other team members" before making some other decisions in the team decision situation.
[edit] Characteristics
There are two extremely important characteristics of VoI that always hold for any decision situation;
Value of information can never be less than zero since the decision-maker can always ignore the additional information and makes decision as if such information is not available.
No other information gathering/sharing activities can be more valuable than that quantified by value of clairvoyance.
[edit] Computation
VoC is derived strictly following its definition as the monetary amount that is big enough to just offset additional benefit of getting more information. In other words; VoC is calculated iteratively until;
"value of decision situation with perfect information while paying VoC" = "value of current decision situation".
A special case is when the decision-maker is risk neutral where VoC can be simply computed as;
VoC = "value of decision situation with perfect information" - "value of current decision situation"
This special case is how expected value of perfect information and expected value of sample information are calculated where risk neutrality is implicitly assumed. For cases where decision-maker is risk averse or risk seeking, this simple calculation does not necessary yield correct result, and iterative calculation is the only way to ensure correctness.
Decision tree and influence diagram are most commonly used in representing and solving decision situation as well as associated VoC calculation. Influence diagram, in particular, is structured to accommodate team decision situation where incomplete sharing of information among team members can be represented and solved very efficiently. While decision tree is not designed to accommodate team decision situation, it can do so by augmenting it with information set widely used in game tree.
[edit] Notes
Special care is needed when the choice being made for a decision can influence how an uncertainty resolves in the future. Having a perfect or imperfect information on such uncertainty implies that the choice to be made can be inferred prior to making such choice. This circular logic is against free will principle and thus extra works are needed to represent and solve for VoI properly.
[edit] Bibliography
Detwarasiti, A. (2005). Team decision analysis and influence diagrams. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University.
Howard, R.A. (1966). Information value theory. IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics (SSC-2), 22-26.
Howard, R.A. and J.E. Matheson, "Influence diagram" (1981), in Readings on the Principles and Applications of Decision Analysis, eds. R.A. Howard and J.E. Matheson, Vol. II (1984), Menlo Park CA: Strategic Decisions Group.
Kuhn, H.W. (1953). Extensive games and the problem of information. Contributions to the Theory of Games II, eds. H.W. Kuhn and A.W. Tucker, 193-216.
Stratonovich, R. L. (1965). On value of information. Izvestiya of USSR Academy of Sciences, Technical Cybernetics 5, 3–12. In Russian.
[edit] See also
Decision analysis
Decision tree
Expected value of perfect information
Expected value of sample information
Influence diagram
Value of control
Source
Contents [hide]
1 Similar terms
2 Definitions
2.1 Simple
2.2 Formal
2.2.1 Standard
2.2.2 Generalized
3 Characteristics
4 Computation
5 Notes
6 Bibliography
7 See also
[edit] Similar terms
VoI is sometimes distinguished into value of perfect information, also called value of clairvoyance (VoC), and value of imperfect information. They are closely related to the widely known expected value of perfect information and expected value of sample information. Note that VoI is not necessarily equal to "value of decision situation with perfect information" - "value of current decision situation" as commonly understood.
[edit] Definitions
[edit] Simple
A simple example best illustrates the concept. Consider a decision situation with one decision, for example deciding on a 'Vacation Activity'; and one uncertainty, for example what will the 'Weather Condition' be? But we will only know the 'Weather Condition' after we have decided and begun the 'Vacation Activity'.
The Value of perfect information on Weather Condition captures the value of being able to know Weather Condition even before making the Vacation Activity decision. It is quantified as the highest price the decision-maker is willing to pay for being able to know Weather Condition before making the Vacation Activity decision.
The Value of imperfect information on Weather Condition, however, captures the value of being able to know the outcome of another related uncertainty, e.g., Weather Forecast, instead of Weather Condition itself before making Vacation Activity decision. It is quantified as the highest price the decision-maker is willing to pay for being able to know Weather Forecast before making Vacation Activity decision. Note that it is essentially the value of perfect information on Weather Forecast.
[edit] Formal
The above definition illustrates that the value of imperfect information of any uncertainty can always be framed as the value of perfect information, i.e., VoC, of another uncertainty, hence only the term VoC will be used onwards.
[edit] Standard
Consider a general decision situation having n decisions (d1, d2, d3, ..., dn) and m uncertainties (u1, u2, u3, ..., um). Rationality assumption in standard individual decision-making philosophy states that what is made or known are not forgotten, i.e., decision-maker has perfect recall. This assumption translates into the existence of a linear ordering of these decisions and uncertainties such that;
di is made prior to making dj if and only if di comes before dj in the ordering
di is made prior to knowing uj if and only if di comes before uj in the ordering
di is made after knowing uj if and only if di comes after uj in the ordering
Consider the case where the decision-maker is enabled to know the outcome of some additional uncertainties earlier in his/her decision situation, i.e., some ui are moved to appear earlier in the ordering. In such case, VoC is quantified as the highest price which the decision-maker is willing to pay for all those moves.
[edit] Generalized
The standard definition is further generalized in team decision analysis framework where there is typically incomplete sharing of information among team members under the same decision situation. In such case, what is made or known might not be known in later decisions belonging to different team members, i.e., there might not exist linear ordering of decisions and uncertainties satisfying perfect recall assumption. VoC thus captures the value of being able to know "not only additional uncertainties but also additional decisions already made by other team members" before making some other decisions in the team decision situation.
[edit] Characteristics
There are two extremely important characteristics of VoI that always hold for any decision situation;
Value of information can never be less than zero since the decision-maker can always ignore the additional information and makes decision as if such information is not available.
No other information gathering/sharing activities can be more valuable than that quantified by value of clairvoyance.
[edit] Computation
VoC is derived strictly following its definition as the monetary amount that is big enough to just offset additional benefit of getting more information. In other words; VoC is calculated iteratively until;
"value of decision situation with perfect information while paying VoC" = "value of current decision situation".
A special case is when the decision-maker is risk neutral where VoC can be simply computed as;
VoC = "value of decision situation with perfect information" - "value of current decision situation"
This special case is how expected value of perfect information and expected value of sample information are calculated where risk neutrality is implicitly assumed. For cases where decision-maker is risk averse or risk seeking, this simple calculation does not necessary yield correct result, and iterative calculation is the only way to ensure correctness.
Decision tree and influence diagram are most commonly used in representing and solving decision situation as well as associated VoC calculation. Influence diagram, in particular, is structured to accommodate team decision situation where incomplete sharing of information among team members can be represented and solved very efficiently. While decision tree is not designed to accommodate team decision situation, it can do so by augmenting it with information set widely used in game tree.
[edit] Notes
Special care is needed when the choice being made for a decision can influence how an uncertainty resolves in the future. Having a perfect or imperfect information on such uncertainty implies that the choice to be made can be inferred prior to making such choice. This circular logic is against free will principle and thus extra works are needed to represent and solve for VoI properly.
[edit] Bibliography
Detwarasiti, A. (2005). Team decision analysis and influence diagrams. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University.
Howard, R.A. (1966). Information value theory. IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics (SSC-2), 22-26.
Howard, R.A. and J.E. Matheson, "Influence diagram" (1981), in Readings on the Principles and Applications of Decision Analysis, eds. R.A. Howard and J.E. Matheson, Vol. II (1984), Menlo Park CA: Strategic Decisions Group.
Kuhn, H.W. (1953). Extensive games and the problem of information. Contributions to the Theory of Games II, eds. H.W. Kuhn and A.W. Tucker, 193-216.
Stratonovich, R. L. (1965). On value of information. Izvestiya of USSR Academy of Sciences, Technical Cybernetics 5, 3–12. In Russian.
[edit] See also
Decision analysis
Decision tree
Expected value of perfect information
Expected value of sample information
Influence diagram
Value of control
Source
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